To summarize, when you describe a patient as retrognathic, it implies the mandible is deficient in growth, particularly in the AP plane. There is often a vertical component in growth deficiency and sometimes a transverse issue, but they are less critical in thinking about retrognathia unless planning a surgical correction. That is, when viewed from the side, the mandible is posterior to and behind where it should be. To the specialists above, describing a patient as retrognathic specifically means the patient is deficient in the AP plane of growth. Retro implies that there is deficient growth and 'gnathia' means about the jaws (particularly mandible). Retrognathia is a term used to describe an unusual position of the mandible. The third is vertical, this is appreciated like the AP plane, and best understood when looking laterally at a patient. The second is the transverse plane, or looking directly at a patient in frontal view, radiographically synonymous with the coronal plane. This view is seen when looking at the patient from a side profile, or radiographically, a sagittal plane. The first is in the anterior-posterior plane, often referred to as the AP plane. Head and neck surgeons of all types, like otolaryngologists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons, as well as dentists and dental specialists, like orthodontists, will commonly describe the positions of the maxilla and mandible in three dimensions.
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